Valero Energy Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Valero Energy - Research Paper ExampleValero EnergyValero Energy is known for its cargo to excellence, challenging work environment and commitment to community. The company has a policy of using state-of-the-art technology to provide cleaner-burning gasoline.The company manages its innovation process by focusing on substitute(a) cleverness and latest technologies. It has invested in wind farms outside its McKee Refinery in the Texas Panhandle. The innovation process gets tremendous boost through such investments as energy is generated without environmental concerns.The 3 examples of product innovation are investments in new infra-red technology to quickly find and repair leaks of gaseous hydrocarbons, investments in new flare-gas recovery systems which is an emission-reducing technology and collision the challenge of greenhouse gas reduction through scientific, economic, and technological analyses. Product innovation consists of either improving the present product or acquiring t echnologies for environment-friendly alternative energies (Valero Energy Corporation).Critically evaluate whether Valero Energy is a learnedness organization. In your answer discuss 3 examples of how the companys leadership structure has affected the degree of learning that occurs within the companyThe Board of directors of Valero Energy consists of men and women of substantial experience and qualify for a learning environment in the company. As qualified and experience members, they are in a position to foster a learning environment in the company to encourage innovation and growth. Thus, the companys leadership has succeeded in establishing an lieu for competitive and healthy growth with a socio-economic thrust that balances social needs with economic advantages.The company ranks number one on Fortune magazines listing of the nations silk hat Big companies to work for two consecutive years. It in addition ranks number five among petroleum refining companies on Fortune magazin es listing of Americas most admired companies. It is also ranked at number seven on Fortunes magazines listing of most admired companies worldwide. Besides these, the company has secured many other environmental and safety awards. such accolades on a continuous basis every year bespeak the companys enlightened leadership in learning. The company is also involved in eleemosynary activities and generously donates for volunteer activities and educational support programs. Needless to add, these recognitions can only mean that the culture of learning in the company is sufficiently high to virtue them (Valero Energy Corporation).Critically evaluate the competitive dynamics of the industry Valero Energy is in. Provide 3 examples in your answer of how Valero Energy can utilize an entrepreneurial strategy to compete more effectively globallyThe petroleum industry is a fast evolving industry because of environmental issues. On the one hand, petroleum is require for transportation, power an d a host of other economies. On the other hand, the use of petroleum has to be minimal because of its greenhouse gas emission that makes it important to bewilder to technologies that reduce air pollution.The company has bolstered its image and revenues through social commitments and growing national network of distributors. Gasoline is a product of universal demand. The only look to grow in the gasoline industry is through achieving technological breakthroughs to address environmental

First Lady Fashions and Frank Knight Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

First Lady Fashions and Frank Knight - Essay ExampleHe is the pioneer of the mix and match fashion style. On the new(prenominal) hand, Frank Knight is Harrys nephew and companys treasurer. The paper will discuss the challenges that Frank faced in the enterprise.Sarah is Harrys sister and is the corporations vice- electric chair in charge of administration. The organizational structure clearly states that Frank and Sarah be at the same management level. However, apparently Frank is foot soldier to Sarah. Frank lacks independence in his position as the companys treasurer. For instance, Frank is not allowed to approve any expenditure exceeding 30,000 dollars without Sarahs unceremonious approval. The fact that Sarahs support is merely informal clearly shows that the management tends to undermine Franks authority. The need for Sarahs assent poses a material challenge to not only Frank but also the company as a whole. Sarah is rash, hires and fires employees without consulting anybo dy and objects any proposed changes without any reasonable explanation. Sarah sacked the vice president of industrial relations despite the annual 170,000 dollars per year contract with the company. This action by Sarah negatively influenced the companys expenses and pecuniary welfare. Franks plowshare to the well-being of the firm is inadequate merely due to Sarahs interference in his job.Secondly, lack of coordination among the firms department hinders Franks workmanship. Conflicts among the departmental managers occurred on a daily basis. The managers would fiercely argue if any of them disagreed with the sales forecasts merely because the forecast jeopardised the interests of a departmental they were in charge. Moreover, the sales forecast are distributed to the top-level managers, including Frank, located in the firms headquarters offices. The constant disagreements and amending of the sales forecast interfered with Franks role as the Treasurer. Frank had to adjust financial plans continually in accordance with the frequently proposed changes.

Distance Learning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Distance Learning - Essay ExampleThe online enrollment estimations made in the late nineties have been exceeded and continues to grow at amazingly high rates. Thus, the number of online school-age childs reached 2.6 million in the fall of 2004 (Allen, and Seaman, 2004). Despite the tremendous success of outperform technology-mediated learning (this terminus covers not only fully online courses, but similarly various blended approaches that integrate online comp unrivallednts into traditional classes), experts suggests that it still remains at an early stage of organic evolution (Smart, and Cappel, 2006).The conventional concepts and theories of education were reported to retain their suitability in the web-based learning environment. Numerous research studies demonstrated that cognitive factors such as performance, learning, and achievement in distance education classes are comparable to those observed in traditional classes (Russell, 1999). ... s enrolled in an introductory ps ychology course performed better in distance education courses, although the level of their satisfaction with them was lower. Students in the web based course consistently scored an average of five percentage points higher on the final run than did those in the lecture course, but they consistently reported less satisfaction than the bookmans in the lecture course (Hagel, and Shaw, 2003). Student satisfaction is currently believed to be one of the major indicators of student development in conventional higher education. The mission of higher education is not only to impart knowledge but also to enhance the students total development (Astin, 1993). One of the ways higher education institutions accomplish this mission is by continuously collecting information on student satisfaction, defined by various authors as an everpresent campus variable (Betz, Menne, Starr, and Klingensmith, 1971 99), the key outcome of higher education (Astin, 1993), and the quality enhancement tool designed to improve the quality of the student experience (Harvey, Plimmer, Moon, and Geall, 1997 3). Traditionally, the institutions of higher education have used the data on student satisfaction to improve understanding of the educational environments. This understanding, it its turn, allowed to create settings more conducive for student development. Student satisfaction is an indicator of higher education institutions responsiveness to the needs of students. Also it is a measure of institutional effectiveness, success, and vitality. Measuring student satisfaction is also important for maintaining and increasing enrollment, managing attrition and retention problems, and making better-informed decisions in the area of student affairs (Beltyukova, 2002).

Separation of Mixtures of Solids Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Separation of Mixtures of Solids - Lab Report ExampleAs can be seen, the total weight of the mixtures components after dissolution was less than the initial weight of the mixture. Specific wholey, a total of 39% of the weights were lost during the experiment. The calculation of which is elaborated below. CALCULATIONS The calculation of the percent loss was as follows CONCLUSION/ backchat As demonstrated, separation of a mixture of solids into its components can be done by taking advantage of the innate differences of the characteristics of each of the components. Iron is the only alloy component of the four, and this was taken advantage of in the use of attractiveness. By exposing the mixture to the magnet, it was ensured that only iron fillings would be able to attach to the magnet. On the other hand, strange smoothen, benzoic acid and salt are both water soluble, and their solubility was increased by heating the solvent, ensuring that benzoic acid and salt can be dissolved. Ne xt, since benzoic acid is less soluble than salt, it crystallized at cooler temperatures of the aqueous solution. The salt was then transformed back to its solid form by allowing water to evaporate (Masterton and Hurley, 2004). QUESTIONS A. How did your proposed procedures or flow charts at the beginning of this experiment compare to the actual procedures of this lab exercise? In my proposed procedure, I planned to sieve the salt and benzoic acid instead by adding water and boiling the mixture. The resulting solution will then be cooled to precipitate start the benzoic acid, and the rest politic will be allowed to evaporate until only the salt remains. To the remaining mixture of supposedly iron and sand, it will be exposed to a magnet to attract the iron and leave the sand behind. B. Discuss potential advantages or disadvantages of your proposed procedure compared to the one actually used. Although the principle is the same, I feel that my proposed flowchart poses well-nigh di sadvantages as that compared to the instructions. First, boiling water may have corrosive effects on the iron, making them weak enough to break into pieces that may contaminate the sand that will remain after all the separation techniques. Second, the weight of the iron may be overestimated, as it may get wet because of the exposure to liquid that might not be totally dried out during the procedure. C. How would you explain a sand recovery plowshare that is higher than the original sand percentage? Sand, especially when it is composed mostly of clay, tends to sip in water that may add onto the weight of the sand. D. What were potential sources of error in this experiment? What I speak out mostly contributed to the relatively large percentage loss was the weighing. Probably, a few particles remained on the weighing dish every time weighing was done during the experiment. Thus, all of the components were most likely underestimated in this experiment. Other sources of error include n ot completely drying out the water before weighing the solids not completely magnetizing out the iron, overestimating the weight of sand not completely precipitating out benzoic acid when the benzoic acid + salt solution is exposed to cooler temperatures, gum olibanum underestimating the weight of benzoic acid and overestimating the weight of salt and not completely evaporating the fluid, thus overestimating the weight of salt. References Masteron, W. L. and Hurley, C. N. (2004). Chemistry Principles and Reactions. 4th ed.

Properties of Language, According to Linguistics Essay Example for Free

Properties of Language, According to Linguistics EssayLanguage, we use it everyday, but what exactly defines wrangle? Are there inst eachations to be made of all languages? Does everyone cop language same way? What ar the rules of language? What is Language? by Neil Smith and Deirdre Wilson answers these questions and more than by highlighting the three major theories of ultra juvenile linguals. The first modern linguistic supposition claims that language is govern by grammar and that grammar is a set of rules with twain hunts identifying possible sentences in a given language and dictate the pronunciation meaning of a sentence in a given language. The first function provides fluent speakers the ability to scan every conceivable sentence in their language even if they never heard it before sentences. This creative quality to declare infinitely many sentences is unique to language. The second function provides fluent speakers of different dialects to communicate wit h each other using the grammar rules of their partake ind language. The two functions of the first modern linguistic theory provides effective communication between two parties and acknowledgment of it is vital in first understanding language.In part with the first modern linguistic theorys definition of grammar is that each persons linguistic grammar is entirely unique to him or herself, because everyone learns grammar differently due different international factors. Everyone absorbs different linguistic speech patterns from their external environment during infancy and adds it to his or her own unique grammar customs, habits or conventions. These differences are even more prominent in patients of aphasia, a language disability that breaks up certain parts of their grammar creating difficult to understand or entirely incoherent sentences.People with aphasia create their own linguistic systems, sometimes being completely incompatible with the common linguistic systems of their rec eivers, causing misunderstandings. Generally, the only two instances of completely unique linguistic systems are when infants first learn language and patients with aphasia. The study of these two instances are vital in understanding the degree of uniqueness a linguistic grammar systems. The second modern linguistic theory claims that grammar is psychologically real and unconsciously known. However, the idea that grammar is unconscious knowledge is a controversial one.The opposition argues that sentence understanding is formed from using analogous sentences the tender has already heard and understood. It is not unconscious knowledge, they claim, but conscious identification of previously understood sentences. However, that does not explain the creativity of forming entirely new sentences or understanding the meaning of a never heard before sentence. For example, Noam Chomskys famous line, Colorless green ideas sleep furiously understandably sounds English and follows the grammatica l rules of English, but makes no semantic sense.The oppositions claim should be understood as previously experienced analogous rules are used to understand language. This would be classified under grammar rules. This explains how students first learn a language by identifying patterns by means of multiple experiences with the same kind of sentences. Linguists, however, research lively patterns from recognizing sentence patterns that are psychologically valid, i. e. significant generalizations and sentence patterns that arose by accident or by coincidence, i.e. accidental generalizations. Significant generalizations are formed from existing rules, much(prenominal) as using mister for a man and miss for a woman.Accidental generalizations are any rules that are not the currently valid linguistic rules and are formed from chance events from using rules during early development of the language or change from outside influences. A child might make an accidental generalization of miste r and call a woman mister, which would be very inappropriate and ill-considered.Through intensive research, linguists are able to identify which generalizations are accidental or incorrect and create generalizations that are correct. The third modern linguistic theory by Noam Chomsky claims that people learn certain language forms instinctively. Chomsky discovered this parallel from the fact that all languages are very similar to each other. A few universalities shared by all languages discovered by linguistics are that all languages induce vowels, consonants, nouns, verbs, affirmative sentences, negative sentences and interrogative sentences.A study done by Russell Tomlin in 1986, London, is that 45% of all languages share the subject-verb-object sentence structure and 42% share the subject-verb-object sentence structure. Very few languages, for whatever reason, have the verb or object first, which would indicate that the formation of language favors the subject first and that mo st languages are predisposed to having a subject first in a sentence. Language, whether we completely comprehend its inner workings or not, is constantly a prevailing aspect of our passing(a) lives.We use language unconsciously, and yet because of this aspect, it is very difficult to fully classify rules of language. Thankfully, we can analyze various instances of unique grammar formation to further clarify our generalizations of languages and through these generalizations, find universalities of all languages. What is language, you ask? Language is a beautiful study of unique linguistics systems, interplaying with each other to create powerful communication.

Values of Early Childhood Education Essay Example for Free

Values of Early electric s start outrhood Education EssayResearch Proposal The purpose of my proposed study is to analyze the value of early childhood education in the public schooltimes system. There argon several things that I hope to accomplish by conducting this research. This research will however illustrate how a sound foundation on certain skills enhances the readiness for those bookmans calculateing kindergarten. This research will in like manner provide possible solutions for kindergarten retention rate in the public schools system. I plan to investigate the answers to my questions victimization data, personal interviews with teachers, research found journals and magazines. I plan to utilize documents such as calculate cards and standardized test scores from schools. There atomic number 18 several sub-questions that I plan to examine such as How and when do we experience a child is ready for kindergarten? What measures ar being habitd to assess the readiness o f kindergarten? Why does full-day kindergarten work? I am a Kindergarten teacher who has benefited greatly from having a sound foundation early in my academic attendinger. Therefore, I will keep an open mind throughout this paper and scarce state facts based on information found during my research.Parents, teachers, and other school employees are concerned with the issue of kindergarten readiness in todays youth. or so regulates start pupils in kindergarten based strictly on age. Other territorys start students in kindergarten based on students scores from kindergarten screening tests. The screening tests are oftentimes careed by inexperienced employees (West). It is very difficult for a child to be confronted by a stranger, and perform several different tasks in a pressured interrogation atmosphere.Although these two ways have worked in our country for years, times are changing. Full-day kindergarten is also a growing trend throughout the province that has had a command ing impact on kindergarten retention across the country (Atkins-Burnett and Meisels 37). This put one overms to be making up for the lack of unity in the kindergarten admission throughout the United States. Although it seems to be join up everything properly this should not be used to patch up the mistakes of the way we decide on a childs readiness to enter kindergarten. Mrs.Cheryl Mueller, former director of the Center for Child Development on the campus of Southern multiple sclerosis in Hattiesburg, states that these screening tests are mostly developed loc every(prenominal)y and exact to test things that are not important to the readiness of a child in kindergarten. At the Center for Child Development where Mrs. Mueller previously worked, the teachers must administer an evaluation two times during the school year which tests the childs companionship on several different tasks that determine the childs readiness(see build 1).Mueller hopes that a pre-k program is imperative for a child to be fully prepared for kindergarten at age five. This should be the standard nationwide (Mueller). The No Child Left Behind Act now in place across the country has raised the bar on pre-k classrooms nationwide. In 2006, pre-k school teachers were required to endure an associates degree (Tozer). With these standards being raised it ensured that proper education in a pre-k classroom would be take place and encourage to a greater extent parents across the nation to get involved in placing their children in a pre-k program.This would significantly reduce the kindergarten retention rate says Mueller. There is no statewide standard, which prevents a lot of children from forward to the first grade. The kindergarten retention rates continue to climb all over the country. The Education Statistics Services Institute states 40% of children that are retained in kindergarten are more likely to have behavioral problems, and set backs in social development with other children (Wes t).This is why there should be four aspects that a district reviews in order to determine a childs readiness for kindergarten including social and emotional development, approaches to learning, communication, and cognitive development and general feelledge, and this should be a nationwide criteria. Social and emotional development in children of five years old is imperative in determining the readiness of a student for kindergarten. A student that is five years old, and ready for kindergarten should be equal to(p) to do a certain check-list of activities including Dresses self without help Tie shoelaces Balances on each foot angle to toe walk Can count on fingers Knows own address and phone number Recognizes colors and common shapes Copies simple shapes (e. g. triangle or square) adapted to print a few letters and numbers Draw a person with a head, body, arms, and legs Speaks in phrases that are understood by others Plays make believe and dress up Plays and shares wi th others Understands opposites Recalls separate of stories These are just some of the social and emotional aspects that should be nationally accepted to the guidelines for kindergarten readiness (Amos).These tasks should be evaluated by a pre-school teacher or by a highly qualified expert. A students developmental skills are also very important in evaluating a childs readiness for kindergarten. They need to be able to complete several different tasks to function happily in the kindergarten classroom. These tasks include parts of speech and language, gross motor coordination, fine motor coordination, and social and emotional. In the speech and language section students need to ask meaning of words. This determines whether or not the child will be involved in the learning process in a classroom setting.The student must describe pictures and experiences. They must use appropriate verb tenses and grammar. This will ensure a core of knowledge for the kindergarten curriculum. Also, the student must recognize simple jokes, riddles, and absurdities. (Gisler and Eberts). The students gross motor coordination should also be an important factor in determining the childs readiness for kindergarten. They must be able to walk downstairs using trade feet, and hop on one-foot this is to check the childs balance and cleverness to walk.They must jump along a six- foot line with both feet. The student needs to be able to walk scissor steps across a line. Last, but not least, student must be able to scram to skip alternating feet. These evaluations are done in a few states nationwide. These evaluations do take place in certain districts in the state of Mississippi and are administered by properly trained educators. This needs to become a nationwide standard. (Williams) The next part of the evaluation should include fine motor coordination including using scissors to cut a straight line.It seems like an easy task but as a kindergarten teacher witnessing it first hand everyda y it is inviolable for students to complete this task. The child needs to copy a circle, square, and cross. This is to make sure the child is ready to learn extensive penmanship. This is also where students need to draw a person with a body, a head, and four limbs. This is not to see if there is an artist in the making, yet to see if children comprehend parts of the human body, and to see if they can distinguish their basic shapes. The final portion of this part of the evaluation should be social and emotional.This would include the child handling snaps, buckles, zippers, and possess the beginning knowledge of shoe tying. The child should be fully potty trained, and should independently take care of their own business in the bathroom. They should be able to dress and ransack independently. This is very imperative especially with the laws and regulations between a student/ teacher relationship from kindergarten and beyond (Schweinhart and Zongping). A child also needs to be able to function in structured group activities with rules and discipline.The student needs to have sympathy for others in all situations. And, of course the golden rule, Sharing is caring all students need to partake in sharing and taking turns. If a child can complete these tasks they will be ready and able for the task at hand. A child who is socially ready for school should be able to make friends, gets along with peers, and communicates well with teachers. Children who arrive at kindergarten with social competencies generally have an easier time forming relationships with their peers and better school outcomes (Elovson 27). Dr.Elvoson has a good handle on this situation. The social aspect is often overlooked in most kindergarten evaluation tests, if the district even has any such test. A kindergartener should be able to ease in joining others in consort, have an ability to make and keep friends, and positively interact with peers. There is a large percentage of students who interact with their peers who take positive social behaviors art object a very small percentage show poor social development. Full-day kindergarten is a trend nationwide that is helping with the oversights, or lack of kindergarten evaluations.Full-day kindergarten has made state standards and standardized testing more advanced so, that at age five children will attain more knowledge academically, in better preparation for the first grade. It also gives teachers more time to get to know their students, and individualize their instruction. In turn, it gives students more time to learn all the academics that kindergarteners are required to learn. Having students in class over twenty hours a week has produced the increase studying of, all subject matter including math, social studies, and science every day (Walston).This is preventing kindergarten retention. Kindergarten retention is another serious problem that could be avoided if we increased the ghastliness of the content on kindergarten e valuations. The pre-k tests that are administered at educational institutions such as the Center for Child Development Center in Hattiesburg takes the gross motor, fine motor, psycho/social, self-help, cognitive, homework, and reading/writing categories and put them into a mini-evaluation as shown in figure one. This is what every state should do for the kindergarten evaluation.In figure one a winding-clothes is shown where the teachers that do the evaluation are told to show children ten colors. The children must point them out and recall the colors without any help from the instructor. Then, the child must separate out four shapes, and tell the instructor the names of four shapes. Next, the student is asked to count to ten. Following counting the numbers aloud the student must hence look at newsflash cards of the numbers and distinguish them apart by name without any help from the instructor. The final step of part two in the evaluation consists of the alphabet.The students m ust say the entire alphabet without singing the alphabet. This is difficult even for adults. Then the students must recognize the alphabet as shown with flash cards, with again, no help for the instructor. These evaluations seem to work very well, and 95% of the Center for Child Development students goes on to pass kindergarten successfully (Mueller). In conclusion, there are some of these same techniques taking place in different parts of the United States today. Education is an essential part of growing up. Many children begin school at the age of 5 or 6, when they usually enter kindergarten.Kindergarten is where the foundation is set for a childs long term educational progress. Some view kindergarten as a baby stage that is not important, but really its the first step that a child takes into the real world. The skills intimate in kindergarten will be carried with the child forever. Most of what I really need to know about how to live, and what to do, and how to be, I learned in kindergarten. Wisdom was not at the top of the graduate school mountain, but there in the sand box at nursery school (Fulghum 4). However, childrens learning capabilities are at there peak at earlier ages than that.Preschool is the special tool for an educated future, but few people pay attention to or care about preschools potential benefits. Children are valuable to the future of the country, but the government has largely ignored them. At the Federal level, the government should make it a law that every child should enter preschool and also create free preschools available to all families. Preschool is a tool that would improve our childrens performance in school by giving them a head start in education, lower the risk of being placed in special education or being held back a grade, developing social skills, and lowering the crime rate.Although you might think that preschool is just a place for parents to drop off their children while they are at work for the day, youre wrong. It is in preschool where children learn the necessary skills needed to succeed in school and in life. Its not only the children who reap the benefits of early childhood education their parents, fellow peers, and even society feel the positive effects of quality preschool programs. Children enrolled in quality preschool programs are more likely to succeed academically and socially when they are older.In preschool your child will listen to poetry and songs building blocks needed to grasp phonics and reading skills when it is developmentally appropriate. The play that takes place with water, sand, and containers gives them the foundation for understanding some basic math concepts. Matching, sequencing, one-to-one correspondence are all activities that are done over and over in preschool settings and help children get ready to learn academics. Judy Packer, a pre-k teacher at French Elementary School in Jackson says, Children learn more in their early years than they ever will again.With the dissolution of the extended family, the best way to support early learning is with publicly funded pre-K. Quality pre-K programs helps children by helping them accomplish something all families want for them success in K-12. School success in turn, is a path to life success to childrens ability to graduate from high school, support themselves as adults, to own homes, stay out of trouble with the law, and eventually raise their own families.Referring back to Graduation by Maya Angelou she briefly described what it felt like to graduate from high school, as she tells the story, the importance of this day for Angelou grows beyond that of the typical graduation. These days preschool has a big impact on whether a student will graduate or not. Quality preschool boosts our K-12 schools by laying a learning foundation that enables children to arrive at kindergarten ready to learn, play and build on their self confidence. Preschool lifts a burden off our K-12 public schools by ensurin g that all children have the chance to start strong in school.Kindergarten teachers know from experience what a positive contribution preschool makes toward childrens success in school, also the kindergarten teachers see first hand the difference between kids who have experienced quality preschool and those who havent. References Amos, Denise. No More Nappy Time-Kindergartens Serious. Enquirer 06 April. 2005 4-7 Atkins-Burnett, Sally, and Samuel J. Meisels. Handbook of Early Childhood Intervention. sore York Cambridge, 2000. Elovson, Allana PhD. The Kindergarten Survival Handbook The in the lead School Checklist a Guide for Parents.New York Parent Ed Resources, 1993 Fulghum, Robert. All I Really Need to Know I Learned in Kindergarten. New York Ballantine, 1986 Gisler, Peggy Ed. S. , and Marge Eberts Ed. S.. Education Q A with Family Education Online (2005) 4 pars. 17 Nov. 2005 Meisels, S. J. , S. Atkins-Burnett, and J. Nicholson. Assessment of social Competence, Adaptive behavio rs, and Approaches to Learning with Young Children. National Center for Education Statistics (1996) 6 Nov. 2005 Mueller, Cheryl. Conference Call.5 March. 2009 Packer, Judy. Personal Interview. 24 March. 2009 Schweinhart, Lawrence J., and Xiang Zongping. The Michigan School Readiness Program Evaluation through Age 10. High Scope Ed (2002)3-9. 23 Nov. 2005 Tozer, Steven E. , Guy Senese, and Paul C. Violas. School and Society Historical Contemporary Perspectives fifth edition. New York McGraw, 2002. Walston, Jill. Education Statistics Services Institute 28 June 2004-cited in Ellovoson West, Jerry. Delaying Kindergarten Effects on Test Scores and Childcare Costs. Education Week Magazine 27 Feb 20041-3 West, Jerry. Education Statistics Services Institute 07 June 2004-cited in Ellovoson.

The Salem Witch Trials in 1692 and the Physick Book of Deliverance Dane Essay Example for Free

The capital of Oregon enrapture Trials in 1692 and the Physick Book of Deliverance Dane EssayWhen the word spellbind comes up in peoples minds, they normally picture an experient woman with green skin, warts, a pointy hat, and long fingernails who wears black clothes, flies on a broom, and casts pestiferous spells on others. However, this stereotype is made up by the imaginations of humanity. It all started when religion conflicts began to rise. This was the clash between Christianity and the old religion. Christian leaders began asserting that witches were devil worshippers and savages. In the year 1233, Pope Gregory IX instituted the Roman Catholic tribunal, k outrightn as the Inquisition, in an attempt to suppress heresy. At the request of Pope John xxii in 1320, the perform officially declared witchcraft and the old religion of the Pagans as a heretical movement and a hostile threat to Christianity. Witches had now become heretics and the persecution against all Pagans sp take up like wildfire throughout Europe. Therefore, the persecutions, murders, and the torture of innocent people who are claimed as witches began (How Did it Start? ).This hi stratum and the intellect of witches lead to the capital of Oregon Witch Trials in 1692 and Katherine Howes motivation to write her novel, The Physick Book of Deliverance Dane, which is based on the Salem Witch Trials. Katherine Howe was born in Huston, Texas and she holds degrees in blind memoir and Philosophy from Columbia and in American and New England Studies from Boston University. She is a descendant of Elizabeth Proctor, who survived the Salem Witch Trials, and Elizabeth Howe, who did not. She first learned about her ancestors when her auntie was doing some family inquiry.Due to this discovery, Howe became more interested in this specific time period and she began to wonder how life would be like living as a prude in the 1600s. Her book, The Physick Book of Deliverance Dane, which is about the Salem Witch Trials, debuted at 2 on the New York Times bestseller list and has been translated into more than 20 languages. Howe moved to Marblehead from Cambridge in summer of 2005 with her husband and she was scheduled to take her Ph. D. qualifying exams that November.So, while trying to relax from her studies, Howe began to think how vastly the popular account of the witch trials differs from the historical understanding of them. As she was walking in the woods, she began to think What if sorcerous were real, but not in the fairy-tale way that we now imagine it? (Howe Question and rejoinder). So, as Howe was trying to imagine what magic would have looked like to the colonists of Salem, she was inspired to write her novel. Howes writing style is very attractive to readers. The vocabulary is not very difficult and she writes in a way that keeps the reader wanting to read more.As the reader researchs the novel, they can feel the emotions that the characters are feeling and so t hey are able to relate to them. Also, she writes her flashbacks to the late seventeenth century in the diction that they would have spoken in. This catches the readers attention and it shows her dedication and research for this novel. In the 17th century, the church was the cornerstone of life in New England. Most people in Massachusetts were Puritans-colonists who had left England seeking religious tolerance. The Puritan lifestyle was restrained and rigid and it was against the law not to attend church.Since the Puritans were evaluate to live by this strict moral code, they believed that all sins-from sleeping in church to stealing food-should be punished. They believed that God would punish sinful behavior. When a neighbor would suffer misfortune, much(prenominal) as a sick child or a failed crop, the Puritans saw it as Gods will and did not help. In addition, the Puritans believed that that Devil was as real as God. Everyone was faced with the struggle between the powers of si zable and evil, but Satan would select the weakest individuals-women, children, and the insane-to carry out his work.Those who followed Satan were considered witches. To the Puritans, witchcraft was one of the greatest crimes a person could commit and it was punishable by close. A strong belief in the Devil, factions among Salem Village families, and rivalry with near by Salem Town combined with a recent small lues venerea epidemic and the threat of attack by warring tribes created a fertile ground for fear and suspicion of witchcraft (Salem Witch Trials). In 1692, children were expected to have under the same strict code as the adults-doing chores, attending church services, and repressing individual differences.Any show of emotion was discouraged and disobedience was severely punished. Children rarely played and so toys and games were scare. While girls had to cook and clean, the boys had to hunt and explore. The children of this time period also had to learn how to read. Howeve r, most households owned only the al-Quran and other religious works (Salem Witch Trials). This was the childhood of Abigail Williams and Elizabeth Parris. Their strict way of life that they had to live was probably the reason why they were interested in Titubas, the Parris slave, magical stories and fortune telling games.On January 20th, 1692, Reverend Parris daughter, Elizabeth, age 9, and niece Abigail Williams, 11, started having fits. Ann Putnam, 11, experienced similar symptoms later on. They screamed, uttered peculiar sounds and contorted themselves into strange positions. Doctor Griggs, who attend the afflicted girls, suggested that they were bewitched. In that time, a dog was believed to be a familiar of the Devil. So, Tituba baked a witch cake, which contained the urine of the afflicted girls, and fed it to the dog. This was considered an old English folk remedy (Linder, Salem Witchcraft Trials 1692).In late February of 1692, the afflicted girls were pressured by ministe rs and townspeople to say who cause their odd behavior. The girls accused Tituba, Sarah Good, a homeless beggar, and Sarah Osborne, an elderly impoverished woman. Arrest warrants for the three women were issued and magistrates John Hawthorne and Jonathan Corwin examined them for witch teats. Osborne and Good claimed their innocence, but Tituba confessed, the Devil came to me and bid me to serve him (Blumberg, A Brief History). She described elaborate images of black dogs, red cats, yellow birds and a black man who wanted her to sign his book.She admitted to signing the book and said that on that point were several(prenominal) other witches looking to destroy the Puritans. All three of them were put into jail. Soon, the group of afflicted girls began to accuse many people such as Martha Cory, Rebecca Nurse, Dorcas Good, Elizabeth Proctor, Sarah Cloyce, etc. Subsequently, prisons were change with more than one hundred fifty men and women from towns surrounding Salem. On May 27th, 16 92, Governor William Phipps ordered the establishment of the Special Court of Oyer (to hear) and Terminer (to decide) to hear the cases of witchcraft.Bridget Bishop, an elder woman who was known for her gossipy habits and promiscuity, was the first case. On June 10th, she was the first person to be hanged on Gallows Hill. As the trials went on, five people were sentenced and hanged in July, five more in August and eight on September. On October 29th, 1692, Governor Phipps released many accused witches and dissolved the court of Oyer and Terminer. He eventually pardoned all the people who were in prison on witchcraft charge (Blumberg, A Brief History). Therefore, the Salem Witch Trials of 1692 was ended.Due to this event, nineteen innocent men and women were hanged for witchcraft, Giles Corey was pressed to death under heavy rocks for refusing to stand trial, and four other died in jail as they awaited trial (Salem Witch Trials). After the trials were over, many people, such as Ann Putnam, felt guilty and wrong for taking away the lives of over twenty innocent people. In 1697, the General Court ordered a sidereal day of fasting and soul searching for the tragedy that happened five years ago. In 1702, the court declared that the trials were unlawful.Finally, in 1711, the colony passed a bill restoring the rights and good name of those accused during the trials and 600 pounds were granted in restitution to their heirs. It was not until 1957 that Massachusetts formally apologized for what had happened in 1692 (Blumberg, A Brief History). On the 300th anniversary of the Salem Witch Trials, a witchcraft memorial designed by James Culter was dedicated in Salem. However, the business of witchcraft still remains today. On manifest 15th, 2012, there was a conviction of a London couple for a death of a fifteen year-old boy whom they violently abused because they believed him to be a witch.This is not the first time that this has happened in the U. K. Scotland Yard t old BBC that they have investigated over eighty-eight faith based child abuse in the last decade. UNICEF report that in 2010, twenty thousand children were accused of witchcraft were living on the streets in the capital city of Kinshasa. In addition, the Nation Crime Bureau in India states that over 2,500 women have been killed for being suspected for being suspected of practicing witchcraft (Rojas, Witchcraft-Related Violence). Violence against people accused of being witches is a growing problem in the U.K. , India, and Africa.The Physick Book of Deliverance Dane follows Connie Goodwins adventure in trying to unravel the truth about the past. Also in her novel, Howe also allows the reader to explore the life of Deliverance Dane, who is included in the Salem Witch Trials in the story. In the novel, Deliverance Dane, a mother who makes tinctures for the sick, is accused of being a witch. Although she posses magical powers, she does not use them for evil. During the time that she is accused, many other women and men are accused along with her.The truth is that the people accused in Salem were retributive regular, everyday people (Howe 141). No matter how they try to clear their names, the witches are all sent to prison. In prison, their feet are clamped with a heavy iron cuff, given over with a short length of nautical-grade chain (295). Deliverance Dane, Sarah Good, Sarah Osborne, and Rebecca Nurse are some of the women that are accused and hanged on Gallows Hill in the novel. Even though this book is fiction, due to Deliverances magical powers, the novel contains many people who were convicted during the Salem Witch Trials and their deaths.Deliverance Dane, who was really in the Salem Witch Trials, does not have a lot of information about her, except for the fact that she had a husband named, Nathaniel, and that she survived the trials. Because no one knows Deliverances story during the Salem Witch Trials, Howe uses the lack of information to create a story for Dane, which is portrayed in the novel. Because people are so fixed on the idea that witches are not real, Howe shows a surprising twist in her book by giving Deliverance magical powers. Even though the colonists claimed that the accused were witches, there is no exact proof of witchcraft.But, maybe the accused did have magical powers, which could explain the weird fits that the girls wee experiencing. This makes the reader question whether magic truly exists or not. The Salem Witch Trials is not very well known by the people of our nation. So, with the help of this novel, more and more people can be informed about this tragic incident that took place in 1692. Also, this novel shows that witches are not how people in our society imagine them. This books shows to the people that witches are not harmful to the human race and that people should not be wrongly accused for such a ridiculous stereotype.As the critiques of this book are read and compared, they are very mixed reviews. Some readers love the book from the beginning to the end and some people have problems with the way Howe wrote her plot and her characters. Laura gratification from the library Journal wrote, This enjoyable novel is too slow-paced to be considered a thriller, but its a solid selection that may appeal to readers who enjoyed recent novels about Salems witches. Although Bliss thought that the book could have gone a little bit faster, overall, she recommends that the book will be a good read.Unlike the Library Journal, publishing houses Weekly states that her Howe voice is pleasing, her pacing and emphasis good and her diction clear. However, they also say in their review that the characters are thin and the plot is predictable. According to Publisher Weekly, Howes plot in her novel is too original and not exciting. So, because the plot is too easy to guess, it does not move over suspense for the reader, which causes them to get bored when reading the book. They also said that th e characters are not built very convincing either.The characters in her novel seem to be missing uniqueness and they lack personality. Even though Howe has received some complains about The Physick Book of Deliverance Dane, she has been praised as well for her extensive research that she had to do to write it (Editorial Reviews). For her first debut novel, Howe has done an extraordinary job of bringing the Salem Witch Trials of 1692 back to life. Even though Katherine Howe did not promptly experience the Salem Witch Trials, the life of her ancestor, Elizabeth Howe, was taken away because of this event.This gave her the inspiration and maybe some responsibility to let the world know about this event. These trials went on with solely by accusation and without the use of actual evidence of witchcraft. The lives of many innocent people were taken away, which leaves people wondering, Why did this ever happen? This consequence to this question will always be a mystery because there cou ld have been many reasons why the colonists reacted like the way they did. Whatever the reason may be, the lives of the people that were taken away will always be in remembrance.